Professor Christina Butler

Faculty of Business and Social Sciences
Department of Management
΢��Ȧ Business School
΢��Ȧ Hill

Professor of Management

Email:: [email protected]

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About

I am Professor of Management and senior member of the Department of Management (DoM) in the Faculty of Business and Social Sciences (FBSS), having worked at ΢��Ȧ since 2001. I conduct research with an international network of world-leading scholars focused on equality and diversity issues in global work. My research leadership is demonstrated by regular contributions to the wider research community at leading international conferences, as a journal editorial board editor and member, and internally through long-standing contributions to PhD supervision, research groups, and seminar series. Currently, I complement my research profile with leadership in the domain in my role as Research Hub Lead (Future of Work and Organisations (FoWO).

I have led teaching and learning initiatives in DoM and the wider school, including the Inclusive Curriculum Framework. The modules I lead at postgraduate level focus on different aspects of globalisation to encourage awareness of and preparedness for the world of work in the 21st century. Together, these experiences enable me to bring research-led learning into the classroom through innovative curriculum development and embed strategic initiatives across my responsibilities.

Qualifications

PhD Organisational Behaviour (London Business School, UK)
MBA International Business (Ivey Business School, Canada)
BA (Hons) Economics & Russian Language (University of Toronto, Canada)
PGCertHE (΢��Ȧ, UK)
Academic Fellow, Chartered Institute Personnel Development (CIPD), UK
Senior Fellow, Advance HE, UK
Certified Management & Business Educator (CMBE), Chartered Association of Business Schools, UK

Domains

I have significant teaching experience across all levels and varied programmes. Currently, I deliver teaching on two programmes (MBA, Global HRM). I also supervise students as they undertake research and consultancy projects across a range of taught Master's programmes.

An example of my teaching practice: Diverse Workforce Consulting Project

During 2021/22, I brought Scholastic Publishers, a large company, into BH7705 Leadership, Change and Consultancy, an elective on the MSc International Business Management (MIBM), to expose the 130-strong cohort of international students to the challenges of embedding diversity and inclusion practices in a new cultural context. In a cross-faculty initiative, the MA Publishing students will act as coaches to the MIBM consulting teams at points during this multi-week mini-consulting experience. For many of the international students in the MIBM cohort, this opportunity is their first exposure to work outside their home country. As a result, they are developing confidence in working in the UK environment, building inclusivity knowledge, expanding their global outlook, and enhancing employability prospects. In turn, Scholastic benefits from the insights provided by the University's student resource base and a close-up look at prospective future employees. We are planning to continue our collaboration with Scholastic.

An example of my ICF workstream practice: Strengthening the Elevate Programme for KBS Students

The aims of this appointment are, in the first instance, to reduce the degree awarding gap and increase student engagement and satisfaction by supporting and upskilling teaching staff. Success should ultimately lead to increased enrolment and retention on KBS programmes and strengthened TEF, REF, and KEF metrics. Currently I am working with senior KBS colleagues and University Elevate Programme colleagues to support the building of skills among our Home fees Black students who are the target audience of the programme. We are bringing together business leaders, recent graduates and our current students to network and share best practice.

Qualifications

Certified Management & Business Educator, Chartered Association of Business Schools (CABS, 2021)
Senior Fellow, Advance HE (formerly HEA) (΢��Ȧ, 2014)
Academic Member, Chartered Institute of Personnel Development (CIPD, 2011)
Postgraduate Certificate in Teaching and Learning (΢��Ȧ, 2005)

Courses taught

My research is located in the international management (IM) field and the organisational behaviour/human resource management (OB/HRM) discipline which I impact by leveraging international networks to disseminate internationally recognised and cited research.

My research comprises three interconnected themes:

Leadership and status issues in global virtual teams (GVTs)—conducted with collaborators located across the Nordic region.
Employability, sustainable careers and wellbeing - concerns the challenges that those with less status (migrants, ethnic minorities, women) experience in GVTs/the workplace more generally and carried out with collaborators in the UK, the Netherlands and Belgium.
Mode of working (virtual, hybrid, face-to-face), wellbeing and performance - focused on those with less status in conjunction with collaborators located in northern/western Europe, North America and at KU.

I have supervised five PhD students to completion and currently supervise three students:

Derrer is researching agile project team leadership in hybrid contexts
Komolafe is studying the national and international staffing challenges in international oil companies in Nigeria
Winter-Dean is researching the challenges faced by foreign-born gay professionals working in London.

My work has been directly funded by the British Academy, Innovate UK, Norwegian Research Council, and the Finnish Foundation for Economic Education. It has also benefited indirectly from the financial support provided by the Nordic Research Councils in the Humanities and Social Sciences and the Swedish Council for Working Life.

Qualifications

Leadership of global virtual teams
Well-being in global virtual teams
Team-based global organising
Language and emotional influences on global work
Development of global mindsets
Preparing young graduates for the demands of global work
Remote working and well-being

Specialisms

Cross-cultural Management
International HRM
Organisational Behaviour

Scholarly affiliations

Academy of Management (AoM)
Academy of International Business (AIB)
European International Business Association (EIBA)
British Academy of Management (BAM)
Groupe d'Etudes Management et Langage (GEM & L)

Research

Currently I lead the Future of Work (FOW) Research Hub. I am developing a programme of events with colleagues for 2021/22.

In 2015, I initiated (with Rodrigues, now King's College London) a university-wide longitudinal strategic project, underpinned by conversations with the VC's Office, LTEC (formerly CHERP) and Senior Faculty Staff to understand the career success of ΢��Ȧ graduates. We supported this initiative with a University-wide preliminary findings workshop for academic and administrative staff. Prof David Guest (King's College London) was the guest speaker at this event. An accompanying report was circulated to attendees and other interested University parties. Two papers have already been published from this project, with more in the pipeline.

As Chair of the ΢��Ȧ Business School Research Seminar Series, I organised 40 lunchtime seminars over six years. Recent annual themes include "Creating Impact" and "Writing for Different Audiences". Sessions were regularly attended by early career researchers and PhD students, among others, providing a forum for mentoring and the dissemination of expertise within KBS.

Teaching and learning

I disseminate my experiences of research-led and innovative teaching practices at external and internal events contributing to my own development as a reflective and influential practitioner. At AoM, I shared the challenges of teaching cross-cultural management to internationally diverse students and returned with an idea for using student videos in the classroom. I stimulated a lively debate among University academics by guest presenting at "research-informed" teaching CPD workshop and gained insights into the very different perceptions held by colleagues. I collaborated on a case teaching workshop attended by 24 permanent and HPL staff. Subsequently, I mentored a colleague by co-teaching using the case method. These experiences build on a history of presenting at T&L events and a publication in the Journal of Teaching in International Business. Currently I act as Inclusive Curriculum Framework Workstream Lead for KBS. A first programme of activity is being rolled out across KBS during the academic year 2021/22.

In 2014 I was invited to serve on the re-validation panel of University College Cork's Post-graduate Certificate in Management. This opportunity built on prior validation and other QA experiences. I served as an internal member of the validation team for the National School of Government's in-company PG Certificates in HRM and Organisational Learning & Development for the European Commission. Subsequently I sat on the staff/student programme liaison board in Brussels. I complemented these HE experiences by serving as Interview Adviser to A-level students at Ibstock Place School.

I acted as External Examiner at London Business School (2015-2020) where I oversaw all teaching provision offered by the Organisational Behaviour Area Group and held lead responsibility for the institution's Executive MBA. I also acted as External Examiner for the Irish Management Institute's suits of PG Diplomas (2016-2020). From expertise developed as DoM QC Lead, I was able to disseminate good practice (e.g. student feedback). In return I was also disseminate good practice back at ΢��Ȧ (e.g. membership of exam boards). Earlier I was DeMontfort University External Examiner for HRM UG programmes.

University responsibilities

Academic Council (formerly Senate)
Future of Work Research Hub Lead (formerly DoM Research Lead)
DoM PGR Lead
DoM LTA/QC Lead

Public and Civic roles

Journal of World Business (Elsevier), Editorial Board Member (2015 - present)
International Journal of Human Resource Management (Routledge), Editorial Board Member (2020 - present)
International Journal of Emerging Markets (Emerald), Senior Editor (Management) (2020 - 2021)
London Business School, External Examiner (2015 - 2020)
Irish Management Institue, External Examiner (2016 - 2020)

Publications

‘This your strike is affecting our children’ : a story of a host community’s intervention on the front line of university–workers disputes in southwest Nigeria.

Babarinde, Ibukunolu, Butler, Christina, Hannon, Enda and Biobaku, 2025, Work, Employment and Society

Openness towards language differences and cultural differences in multicultural teams : how do they interact?

Lauring, Jakob, Butler, Christina, Paunova, Minna, Uman, Timur and Zander, Lena, 2024, European Journal of International Management (24), 1, pp 1-24

On your marks, get set, go! Jumping the hurdles of employability development at an early career stage

Rodrigues, Ricardo, van Harten, Jasmijn, De Cuyper, Nele, Grosemans, Ilke and Butler, Christina, 2024, Journal of Vocational Behavior (151), pp 103999

Covid-19 pandemic disruptions to working lives : a multilevel examination of impacts across career stages

Mockaitis, Audra I., Butler, Christina L. and Adegboyega, Ojo, 2022, Journal of Vocational Behavior (138), pp 103768

Evaluating the employability paradox : when does organizational investment in human capital pay off?

Rodrigues, Ricardo, Butler, Christina L. and Guest, David, 2020, International Journal of Human Resource Management (31), 9, pp 1134-1156

Antecedents of protean and boundaryless career orientations : the role of core self-evaluations, perceived employability and social capital

Rodrigues, Ricardo, Butler, Christina L. and Guest, David, 2019, Journal of Vocational Behavior (110), Part A, pp 1-11

Towards a strategic understanding of global teams and their HR implications : an expert dialogue

Butler, Christina L., Minbaeva, Dana, Makela, Kristiina, Maloney, Mary M., Nardon, Luciara, Paunova, Minna and Zimmerman, Angelika, 2018, International Journal of Human Resource Management (29), 14, pp 2209-2229

Somewhere in-between : narratives of place, identity and translocal work

Daskalaki, Maria, Butler, Christina and Petrovic, Jelena, 2016, Journal of Management Inquiry (25), 2, pp 184-198

Followers’ personality, transformational leadership and performance

Soane, Emma, Butler, Christina and Stanton, Emma, 2015, Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal (5), 1, pp 65-78

The influence of follower cultural orientation on attitudinal responses towards transformational leadership: evidence from the Chinese hospitality industry

Newman, Alexander and Butler, Christina, 2014, International Journal of Human Resource Management (25), 7, pp 1024-1045

Processes of international collaboration in management research: a reflexive, autoethnographic approach

Jonsen, Karsten, Butler, Christina L., Mäkelä, Kristiina, Piekkari, Rebecca, Drogendijk, Rian, Lauring, Jakob, Lervik, Jon E., Pahlberg, Cecilia, Vodosek, Markus and Zander, Lena, 2013, Journal of Management Inquiry (22), 4, pp 394-413

Leading global teams

Zander, Lena, Mockaitis, Audra I. and Butler, Christina, 2012, Journal of World Business (47), 4, pp 592-603

The global leader as boundary spanner, bridge maker, and blender

Butler, Christina L., Zander, Lena, Mockaitis, Audra and Sutton, Ciara, 2012, Industrial and Organizational Psychology (5), 2, pp 240-243

The perceived functions of linguistic risk quantifiers and their effect on risk, negativity perception and decision making

Juanchich, Marie, Sirota, Miroslav and Butler, Christina Lea, 2012, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (118), 1, pp 72-81

Leadership modes: success strategies for multicultural teams

Zander, Lena and Butler, Christina L., 2010, Scandinavian Journal of Management (26), 3, pp 258-267

The business of teaching and learning through multicultural teams

Butler, Christina and Zander, Lena, 2008, Journal of Teaching in International Business (19), 2, pp 192-218

The drivers of cooperation between buyers and suppliers for product innovation

Bidualt, Francis, Despres, Charles and Butler, Christina, 1998, Research Policy (26), 7-8, pp 719-723

Preface : transcending traditional approaches to cross-cultural management

(2024). In: Mockaitis, Audra I., (eds.) and Butler, Christina, (eds.), Elgar encyclopedia of cross-cultural management. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp xv-xviii

Migrant inclusion and wider workforce well-being : understanding the MNE challenges and solutions through the diversity climates lens

Butler, Christina, Paolillo, Anna and Scuderi, Vittorio Edoardo (2023). In: Mockaitis, Audra I., (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Global Migration in International Business. Cham: Springer, pp 325-352

Meeting the challenges of globalization in order to make a difference : implications for teams and team leadership

Mäkela, Kristiina, Lauring, Jakob, Butler, Christina L., Lee, Hyun-Jung, Lüecke, Gundual, Miska, Christof, Pahlberg, Cecilia, Stahl, Günter K. and (2020). In: Zander, Lena, (ed.), Research handbook of global leadership : making a difference. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, pp 91-107

The new millennial global leaders : what a difference a generation makes!

Butler, Christina L., Sutton, Ciara, Mockaitis, Audra I. and Zander, Lena (2020). In: Zander, Lena, (ed.), Research handbook of global leadership : making a difference. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, pp 141-163

΢��Ȧ London: using entrepreneurship programs to attract talent and to enhance educational impact

Butler, Christina and Mador, Martha (2015). In: Foss, Lene, (eds.) and Gibson, David V., (eds.), The entrepreneurial university: context and institutional change. London, U.K.: Routledge, pp 90-112

Team-based global organizations : the future of global organizing

Zander, Lena, Butler, Christina L., Mockaitis, Audra I., Herbert, Kendall, Lauring, Jakob, Makela, Kristiina, Paunova, Minna, Umans, Timurs and Zettinig, Peter (2015). In: van Tulder, Rob, (eds.), Verbeke, Alain, (eds.) and Drogendijk, Rian, (eds.), The future of global organizing. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp 227-244

Team-based global organizations : the future of global organizing

Zander, Lena, Butler, Christina L., Mockaitis, Audra I., Herbert, Kendall, Lauring, Jakob, Mäkelä, Kristiina, Paunova, Minna, Umans, Timurs and Zettinig, Peter (2015). In: Van Tulder, Rob, (eds.), Verbeke, Alain, (eds.) and Drogendijk, Rian, (eds.), The future of global organizing. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp 227-243

Multinational groups and the structuration of organizational culture: a sociological perspective

Butler, Christina L. and Earley, P. Christopher (2001). In: Cooper, Cary L., (eds.), Cartwright, Sue, (eds.) and Earley, P. Christopher, (eds.), The international handbook of organizational culture and climate. Chichester, U.K.:, pp 53-84

Managing the wellbeing of healthcare professionals : understanding HRM best practices through career turning points

Butler, Christina(2024). In: British Academy of Management (BAM) Conference 2024 : Achieving transformation for greater good : Societal, organisational and personal barriers and enablers, 01-06 Sep 2024 :Nottingham, U.K.

An exploration of career barriers among graduates transitioning to the labor market

Rodrigues, Ricardo, Van Harten, Jasmijn, De Cuyper, Nele, Grosemans, Ilke and Butler, Christina(2024). In: 84th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (AOM 2024), 09-13 Aug 2024 :Chicago, U.S.

Towards a new understanding of individual career sustainability : the 'after-crisis' career turning points in hospital healthcare professionals' expert work

Butler, Christina and Spence, Sarah(2024). In: 40th EGOS Colloquium : Crossroads for organizations : Time, Space and People, 04-06 Jul 2024 :Milan, Italy

Evaluating the potential of automated AI-based coaching technologies for developing global virtual team capabilities

Aleem, M., Butler, C., Koveshnikov, A. and Zettinig, P.(2023). In: 49th Conference of the European International Business Academy, 15-17 Dec 2023 :Lisbon, Portugal.

The long-term impact of studying abroad on international students' change and self-development : a systematic literature review

Buhaymid, May, Yarker, Jo, Butler, Christina, Russell, Emma and Keightley, Sam(2023). In: British Academy of Management (BAM) Conference 2023: Towards Disruptive Sustainability: New Business Opportunities and Challenges, 01 Sep 2023; 05-06 Sep 2023 :Held online; Brighton, U.K.

The role of political skill in advancing teamwork skill development in temporary teams

Kauppila, Olli-Pekka, Einola, Katja and Butler, Christina(2023). In: 83rd Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (AOM 2023) : Putting the Worker Front and Center, 04-08 Aug 2023 :Boston, U.S.

The influence of migrants on MNC workforce well-being

Butler, Christina, Paolillo, Anna and Scuderi, Vittorio(2022). In: 48th European International Business Academy (EIBA) Annual Conference: Walking the talk? Transitioning towards a sustainable world, 08–10 Dec 2022 :Oslo, Norway

COVID-19 pandemic disruptions to working lives : examining job satisfaction, stress and burnout across life stages

Butler, Christina(2021). In: British Academy of Management (BAM) Conference 2021 : Recovering from Covid: Responsible Management and Reshaping the Economy, 31 Aug – 03 Sep 2021 :Held online

New ways of working and the illusion of flexibility : the impact of temporal schemata, role conflict and overload of global virtual team members.

Butler, Christina(2021). In: British Academy of Management (BAM) Conference 2021 : Recovering from Covid: Responsible Management and Reshaping the Economy, 31 Aug – 03 Sep 2021 :Held online

Sustaining employability at an early career stage : the role of context and individual agency

Rodrigues, Ricardo and Butler, Christina(2019). In: 79th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, 09-13 Aug 2019 :Boston, U.S.A.

Exploring key antecedents of self-perceived employability and employability competencies : the role of openness to experience, new career orientations and skill utilization

Butler, Christina, Guest, David, Rodrigues, Ricardo and Van der Heijden, Beatrice(2019). In: 19th European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology (EAWOP) Congress, 29 May - 01 Jun 2019 :Turin, Italy.

Labour conflict resolution in Nigerian universities: a play in search of casts

Babarinde, David, Butler, Christina and Hannon, Enda(2018). In: 9th Annual Faculty of Business Research Conference: Contemporary Issues in Business, 04 June 2018 :΢��Ȧ upon Thames, U.K.

Multiple team membership – what drives employee commitment to competing demands?

Einola, Katja Maria, Zettinig, Peter, Mäkelä, Kristiina, Kauppila, Olli-Pekka and Butler, Christina Lea(2016). In: INGRoup Conference, 14-16 Jul 2016 :Helsinki, Finland

Openness to language and value diversity fosters multicultural team creativity and performance

Lauring, Jakob, Paunova, Minna and Butler, Christina(2015). In: 2015 Academy of Management (AOM) Annual Meeting: Opening Governance, 7-11 Aug 2015 :Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Exploring learning through doing : developing entrepreneurial leadership in final year undergraduates

Butler, Christina(2015). In: HEEG Annual Conference 2015, 11 - 12 Jun 2015 :Southampton, U.K.

New challenges for leading teams in global team-based organizations

Butler, Christina(2015). In: 2015 Academy of Management (AOM) Annual Meeting: Opening Governance, 7-11 Aug 2015 :Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Global mobility challenges for HRM

Butler, Christina(2014). In: Research in Practice Seminar Series: The Future of HR and Internationalisation, 11 Sep 2014 :΢��Ȧ upon Thames, U.K.

Globalisation and the diminishing influence of national culture on company culture

Zander, Lena and Butler, Christina(2014). In: European Academy of Management (EURAM) Annual Conference 2014: Waves and Winds of Strategic Leadership for Sustainable Competitiveness, 4-7 Jun 2014 :Valencia, Spain

Implications of social capital and status cues on global team leader roles

Butler, Christina(2014). In: 40th European International Business Academy (EIBA) Annual Conference: The Future of Global Organizing, 11-13 Dec 2014 :Uppsala, Sweden

Leading global teams

Butler, Christina and Chongarova, Irina(2014). In: ΢��Ȧ Business School Business Breakfast: Leading Global Teams, 11 Nov 2014 :΢��Ȧ upon Thames, U.K.

Openness to language and value diversity fosters multicultural team creativity and performance

Lauring, Jakob, Paunova, Minna, Umans, Timurs, Butler, Christina and Zander, Lena(2014). In: 40th European International Business Academy (EIBA) Annual Conference: The Future of Global Organizing, 11-13 Dec 2014 :Uppsala, Sweden

Uncertain of tactful? Effect of risk quantifiers' interpretation on risk perception and decision making

Butler, Christina, Juanchich, Marie and Sirota, Miroslav(2011). In: 16th EASP General Meeting, 12 - 16 July 2011 :Stockholm, Sweden

Narrating cosmopolis: 'in another place, not here'

Daskalaki, Maria, Butler, Christina and Petrovic, Jelena(2011). In: The 2nd Annual Faculty of Business and Law Conference: Emerging Issues in Business and Law, 10 May 2011 :΢��Ȧ upon Thames, U.K.

Functions of linguistic risk quantifiers and related risk perception

Juanchich, Marie, Sirota, Miroslav and Butler, Christina(2011). In: Experimental Psychology Society Meeting, 13 - 15 Apr 2011 :Oxford, U.K.

Managing equality and diversity in health care: the case of ethnic monitoring at St George's NHS trust

Butler, Christina, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni and Psoinos, Maria(2010). In: EAWOP Small Group Meeting - Managing diversity in organisations, 23-24 Sep 2010 :Birmigham, U.K.

Training for ethical discernment as a company policy : the eval'ethic experience

Mahieu, Christian, Nilles, Jean-Jacques, Butler, Christina, Gourlay, Stephen and Narendran, Sunitha(2010). In: 9th Annual Colloquium of The European Academy of Business in Society (EABIS): Corporate Responsibility and Emerging Markets, 20-21 Sep 2010 :St.Petersburg, Russia

The challenge of the 'in-between' multinational team: is a bicultural leader the answer?

Butler, Christina Lea(2010). In: 2010 Academy of Management Annual Meeting: Dare to care: passion and compassion in management practice and research, 06 - 10 Aug 2010 :Montreal, Canada

At the crossroads of visible and invisible characteristics: signposts to virtue in multinational teams

Butler, Christina and Mahadeva, Meera(2010). In: Conference of the International Network of Business and Management Journals (INBAM): Creativity and Innovation in an International Context, 01 - 04 Jun 2010 :Valencia, Spain

The interaction of surface- and deep-level national diversity: the case of global teams

Butler, Christina(2010). In: European Academy of Management (EURAM) Annual Conference 2010: Back to the future, 19-22 May 2010 :Rome, Italy

All at sea : team conflict during the Clipper round the World Sailing Race 2005-2006

Butler, Christina, Soane, Emma and Stanton, Emma(2009). In: British Academy of Management (BAM) Conference 2009: The End of the Pier? Competing perspectives on the challenges facing business and management, 15-17 Sep 2009 :Brighton, U.K.

Team leadership models: modeling multicultural team success based on team composition

Zander, Lena and Butler, Christina(2009). In: European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management (EIASM) 7th Workshop on International Strategy and Cross Cultural Management, 25-26 Sep 2009 :Helsinki, Finland

Team leadership models: modelling multicultural team success

Zander, Lena and Butler, Christina(2008). In: 22nd Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM) Annual Conference: Managing in the Pacific Century, 2-5 Dec 2008 :Auckland, New Zealand

Cross-cultural leadership, teams and faultlines

Butler, Christina(2008). In: 50th annual meeting of the Academy of International Business "Knowledge development and exchange in international business networks", 30 June - 3 July 2008 :Milan, Italy

Local time global change: differences between Kenyan and British perceptions

Butler, Christina Lea and Price, Stephen Michael(2006). In: 2006 Academy of Management Annual Meeting : Knowledge, action and the public concern, 11 - 16 Aug 2006 :Atlanta, U.S.

The influence of status cues on collective identity in teams of different national composition

Butler, Christina Lea(2006). In: 2006 Academy of Management Annual Meeting : Knowledge, action and the public concern, 11 - 16 Aug 2006 :Atlanta, U.S.

Butler, Christina Lea(2005). In: 65th Academy of Marketing Annual Meeting: A New Vision of Management in the 21st Century, 05 - 10 Aug 2005 :Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.

Kenyan and British perceptions of time: the importance of understanding differences for change programmes

Butler, C. and Price, S.(2004). In: British Academy of Management Annual Conference : Management Futures, 30 Aug - 01 Sep 2004 :St Andrews, U.K.

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